Summary of Confounding vs. Effect Modification To review, confounders mask a true effect, and effect modifiers mean that there is a different effect of the exposure on the outcome for …

Unlike confounding, whose effects we want to get rid of in our analysis, effect modification is an interesting finding in and of itself, and we report it. To check for effect modification, conduct a …

In an RCT where confounding bias is absent, many investigators would interpret differences in stratum-specific ORs to mean that the actual causal effect of the intervention is dependent on …

Confounding: A third related factor that distorts the relationship between exposure and outcome for all participants. Interaction and effect modification: Another third factor that distorts the …

Jun 9, 2024 · While confounding involves extraneous variables that distort the association between exposure and outcome, effect modification reflects genuine heterogeneity in the …

Confounding is one type of systematic error that can occur in epidemiologic studies, and is a distortion of the association between an exposure and health outcome by an extraneous, third …

We compare observed effects of exposures to what should be expected if summed (additive) or multiplied (multiplicative) What is the combined effect of factors A and Z on outcome Y?

The difference is that confounders are disruptions that we need to control, whereas effect modifiers are natural phenomena that we need to present (most commonly in stratified …

Confounding occurs when the potential confounder is associated with both the exposure and the outcome, whereas effect modification occurs when the effect of the exposure on the outcome …

A confounder is linked to both exposure and outcome, creating a backdoor path that distorts the crude estimate. An effect modifier changes the strength/direction of the exposure → outcome …